Well, sometimes we know about plants that existed in Ancient Egypt by looking at the pictures the Egyptians left behind: http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/history/egypt/default.html.
Sometimes we know by the things the Egyptians and other people wrote long ago: http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/botany/vegetables.htm (we'll look more at this site later, so don't worry about spending too much time on it).
Sometimes science tells us more about the plants:
http://www.childrensuniversity.manchester.ac.uk/interactives/history/egypt/discovermore/PlantDNA.asp
And sometimes archaeologists actually find ancient bits of plants to study:
http://www.petrie.ucl.ac.uk/index2.html --go here. Click on "teaching and learning resources" on the side bar. Click on DIY (at the bottom of the list). Register if necessary (it's free). In the search page, enter "plant" under "Object Type" and press enter. It will give you images of actual Ancient Egyptian plant artifacts. Alternately, you can select "browse the categories" after "material" and choose "organic materials." Then choose "view all in category" or "view more details", then "View more details" or "view all in category" after "plant materials." Likewise, you can select "Browse the categories" after "object type" and then choose "Animal, vegetable, and mineral remains". Select "view all in category" or "view more details", then "view more details" after "organic remains" and "view more details" after "plant remains" to get a DIFFERENT list than you saw under "Material".
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