So how do Astronomers figure out what they know now?
They still watch the things in the sky. But now they have tools that help them see more than their eyes alone can see. For example, there are tools that make things look closer (like telescopes). They have cameras that take pictures to capture what they see. They have tools that can see things besides light--like x-rays, radio waves, and infrared (think: heat). They have tools that can get closer to the things in the sky and send back information using radio waves.
They also use other sciences and math to help them.
Check out this site for details:
http://astronomyonline.org/Science/Tools.asp
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